5G Stand Alone (SA) Beam Management

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5G Stand Alone (SA) Beam Management

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In this article, I will explain the Beamforming technique in 5G to compensate for path loss especially in the mmWave spectrum range.
As the range of mmWaves is between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, a wavelength is between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters and this is the intensive motive for Beamforming.
Beamforming Definition
The beamforming technique focuses the RF energy into a narrow direction to allow the RF beam to propagate farther in that direction.
Using this technique, non-line of sight (NLOS) RF communication in the mmWave spectrum may rely on reflection and/or diffraction of the beams to reach the UE.
If the direction becomes blocked, either because of UE movement or changes in the environment (e.g., obstacles, humidity, rain, etc.), the beam may not be able to reach the UE.
Thus, in order to ensure that the UE has continuous, seamless coverage, multiple beams in as many different directions as possible may be available.
Beamforming Types
The Base Station may include hardware for performing analog and/or digital beamforming.
If the base station is equipped with analog beamforming , at any one time, the base station may transmit or receive a signal in only one direction.
If the base station is equipped with digital beamforming , the base station may concurrently transmit multiple signals in multiple directions or may receive multiple signals concurrently in multiple directions.
Beamforming Management Operation
There’re 4 operations: Beam sweeping: The covering of a spatial area with a set of beams transmitted and received according to prespecified intervals and directions.
Beam measurement: T he evaluation of the quality of the received signal, which can be expressed in terms of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), the Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), a measurement that includes also thermal noise and signals from other sources, or the Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR)

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